\n
Q1PaediatricsEasy
\n
A newborn is found to have a small midline swelling over the sacral region. The skin is intact, and there are no neurological deficits or signs of spinal cord involvement. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AMeningocele
- BMyelomeningocele
- CSpina bifida occulta
- DEncephalocele
\n
\n
Q2PaediatricsMedium
\n
A child presents with a history of recurrent respiratory tract infections since early childhood, chronic sinusitis, and otitis media. Examination also reveals bronchiectasis. Which of the following is the most likely underlying diagnosis?
\n
- ACystic fibrosis
- BPrimary ciliary dyskinesia
- CAsthma
- DAllergic rhinitis
\n
\n
Q3CardiologyMedium
\n
A patient presents with progressive exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and orthopnea. On auscultation, a low-pitched, rumbling mid-diastolic murmur is heard best at the apex with the patient in the left lateral position. An opening snap is also noted. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AAortic stenosis
- BMitral regurgitation
- CMitral stenosis
- DTricuspid regurgitation
\n
\n
Q4MicrobiologyEasy
\n
A patient presents with dysentery (blood and mucus in stool). Stool examination shows trophozoites with ingested RBCs, suggestive of Entamoeba histolytica. What is the most appropriate treatment?
\n
- AMetronidazole
- BAlbendazole
- CCiprofloxacin
- DAzithromycin
\n
\n
Q5BiochemistryEasy
\n
A student observes that butter or ghee develops an unpleasant smell and taste after prolonged exposure to air and light. Which of the following processes is primarily responsible for this change?
\n
- AHydrolysis
- BOxidation of fats
- CGlycolysis
- DDenaturation
\n
\n
Q6PaediatricsMedium
\n
A child presents with seizures, intellectual disability, facial angiofibromas, shagreen patches, and imaging reveals cardiac rhabdomyomas and renal angiomyolipomas. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- ANeurofibromatosis type 1
- BTuberous sclerosis
- CSturge-Weber syndrome
- DVon Hippel-Lindau disease
\n
\n
Q7PharmacologyMedium
\n
A drug (diazepam) has a long half-life. How long does it approximately take to reach steady state concentration after regular dosing is started?
\n
- A2 days
- B3 days
- C9 days
- D24 hours
\n
\n
Q8SurgeryEasy
\n
A patient presents with a groin swelling that is below and lateral to the pubic tubercle. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AInguinal hernia
- BFemoral hernia
- CUmbilical hernia
- DEpigastric hernia
\n
\n
Q9CardiologyMedium
\n
A patient presents with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) within 2 hours of symptom onset. Primary PCI is not available. Which of the following is the most appropriate thrombolytic drug used?
\n
- AStreptokinase
- BAlteplase
- CHeparin
- DWarfarin
\n
\n
Q10BiochemistryHard
\n
A patient presents with photosensitivity, blistering skin lesions on sun-exposed areas, and dark-colored urine. Which enzyme deficiency is most likely responsible?
\n
- APorphobilinogen deaminase
- BUroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
- CALA synthase
- DFerrochelatase
\n
\n
Q11HaematologyHard
\n
A patient presents with mucocutaneous bleeding (easy bruising, epistaxis). Laboratory tests show: low platelet count, normal PT and aPTT, no splenomegaly. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AHemophilia A
- BVon Willebrand disease
- CBernard-Soulier syndrome
- DDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
\n
\n
Q12MicrobiologyEasy
\n
A student develops nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps a few hours after eating reheated rice left at room temperature overnight. What is the most likely causative organism?
\n
- AStaphylococcus aureus
- BBacillus cereus
- CClostridium botulinum
- DSalmonella typhi
\n
\n
Q13MedicineHard
\n
A 55-year-old hypertensive patient has been experiencing progressive constipation and change in bowel habits for the last 6 months. He has been on antihypertensive medication for the past year. There is no history of acute infection. What is the most appropriate next step in management?
\n
- AIncrease dietary fiber and fluids
- BStart laxatives
- CAbdominal X-ray
- DColonoscopy
\n
\n
Q14HaematologyMedium
\n
A patient presents with a bleeding tendency. Laboratory findings show: normal bleeding time, normal PT, normal aPTT. What is the most likely cause?
\n
- AVitamin K deficiency
- BPlatelet dysfunction (e.g., aspirin use)
- CHemophilia A
- DVon Willebrand disease
\n
\n
Q15PharmacologyEasy
\n
A patient is prescribed trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) for a bacterial infection. What is the nature of interaction between these two drugs?
\n
- AAntagonism
- BAdditive effect
- CSynergism
- DToxicity only
\n
\n
Q16GeneticsMedium
\n
A 19-year-old tall, thin male presents with long limbs, hyperextensible joints, and a history of lens dislocation. On examination, he has a high-arched palate and a diastolic murmur suggestive of aortic regurgitation. A mutation affecting which of the following proteins is most likely responsible for his condition?
\n
- ACollagen type I
- BElastin
- CFibrillin-1
- DDystrophin
- EKeratin
\n
\n
Q17AnatomyHard
\n
A 45-year-old man presents with difficulty walking after receiving an intramuscular injection in the gluteal region. On examination, when he stands on his right leg, his pelvis drops on the left side. Which of the following nerves is most likely injured?
\n
- AInferior gluteal nerve
- BSuperior gluteal nerve
- CSciatic nerve
- DFemoral nerve
- EObturator nerve
\n
\n
Q18BiochemistryMedium
\n
A 32-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after exposure to smoke in a closed space. He is confused, tachycardic, and has lactic acidosis. Despite adequate oxygen levels, his cells are unable to utilize oxygen effectively. Inhibition of which of the following is the most likely cause of his condition?
\n
- AHemoglobin
- BMyoglobin
- CCytochrome oxidase
- DCatalase
- ESuperoxide dismutase
\n
\n
Q19AnatomyHard
\n
A 55-year-old man presents with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy reveals a posterior wall duodenal ulcer in the first part of the duodenum. Which of the following arteries is most likely eroded in this condition?
\n
- ALeft gastric artery
- BSplenic artery
- CGastroduodenal artery
- DSuperior mesenteric artery
- EInferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
\n
\n
Q20CardiologyEasy
\n
A 62-year-old man suddenly collapses in the emergency department. He is unresponsive, pulseless, and not breathing normally. The cardiac monitor shows chaotic, irregular electrical activity with no identifiable QRS complexes. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AAtrial fibrillation
- BVentricular tachycardia
- CVentricular fibrillation
- DAsystole
- EHeart block
\n
\n
Q21BiochemistryMedium
\n
A medical student is learning about vitamin deficiencies and comes across a condition associated with dermatitis, cheilosis, glossitis, and peripheral neuropathy. This condition is linked to deficiency of a vitamin that is also known as 'anti-dermatitis factor' and is a component of coenzyme A. Which of the following vitamins is most likely deficient?
\n
- AVitamin B1 (Thiamine)
- BVitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
- CVitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
- DVitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
- EVitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
\n
\n
Q22MedicineHard
\n
A 45-year-old man presents with progressive abdominal distension and weight loss. On examination, there is shifting dullness consistent with ascites, but no hepatomegaly or splenomegaly. Paracentesis is performed, and the ascitic fluid is sent for analysis. Which of the following is the most useful test to distinguish tuberculous ascites from other causes?
\n
- ASerum albumin
- BSerum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG)
- CAscitic fluid ADA (adenosine deaminase) level
- DAscitic fluid amylase
- EAscitic fluid triglycerides
\n
\n
Q23SurgeryMedium
\n
A medical student is asked which gastrointestinal (GIT) carcinoma is considered the most treatable (best prognosis when detected early). Which of the following is the most correct answer?
\n
- APancreatic carcinoma
- BGastric carcinoma
- CColorectal carcinoma
- DEsophageal carcinoma
- EHepatocellular carcinoma
\n
\n
Q24BiochemistryEasy
\n
A newborn is screened for metabolic disorders shortly after birth. Later testing reveals elevated phenylalanine levels and decreased tyrosine levels. The infant is at risk for intellectual disability, musty body odor, and hypopigmentation if untreated. Which of the following enzyme deficiencies is most likely responsible?
\n
- AHomocystinuria
- BGalactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase
- CPhenylalanine hydroxylase
- DTyrosinase
- EBranched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase
\n
\n
Q25AnatomyHard
\n
A 40-year-old man presents with neck swelling and difficulty swallowing following a deep neck infection. Imaging shows spread of infection into the 'danger space' of the neck, allowing it to extend from the skull base into the mediastinum. Which of the following fascial layers is most directly involved in forming this pathway?
\n
- ASuperficial cervical fascia
- BPretracheal fascia
- CPrevertebral fascia
- DInvesting layer of deep cervical fascia
- EBuccopharyngeal fascia
\n
\n
Q26PharmacologyEasy
\n
A 35-year-old man has started treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. After a few days, he notices that his urine, sweat, and tears have turned reddish-orange. He is also informed that this drug induces hepatic enzymes and can reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills. Which of the following drugs is most likely responsible?
\n
- AIsoniazid
- BEthambutol
- CPyrazinamide
- DRifampicin
- EStreptomycin
\n
\n
Q27PhysiologyMedium
\n
A 50-year-old woman presents with chronic greasy, foul-smelling stools that float in water (steatorrhea). She has a history of ileal resection due to Crohn disease. Which of the following substances is most likely deficient due to impaired enterohepatic circulation?
\n
- AGastrin
- BBile salts
- CSecretin
- DPepsin
- ECholecystokinin
\n
\n
Q28MicrobiologyMedium
\n
A patient presents with fever, facial pain, black nasal discharge, and swelling around the eye. On examination, there is black necrotic tissue in the nasal cavity. Imaging shows sinus involvement with possible orbital extension. Which of the following organisms is most likely responsible for this condition?
\n
- AAspergillus fumigatus
- BCandida albicans
- CMucor species
- DHistoplasma capsulatum
- ECryptococcus neoformans
\n
\n
Q29BiochemistryMedium
\n
A 6-year-old child presents with bowed legs, delayed growth, and bone pain. On examination, there is widening of the wrist joints and frontal bossing. The child has low vitamin D levels. Which of the following is the major circulating form of vitamin D used to assess vitamin D status?
\n
- A1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
- B7-dehydrocholesterol
- C25-hydroxyvitamin D
- DCalcitriol
- EParathyroid hormone
\n
\n
Q30PathologyEasy
\n
A pathology student is reviewing granulomatous diseases and is asked which type of necrosis is classically associated with tuberculosis infection. Which of the following is the most appropriate answer?
\n
- ALiquefactive necrosis
- BFat necrosis
- CCaseous necrosis
- DCoagulative necrosis
- EFibrinoid necrosis
\n
\n
Q31GeneticsEasy
\n
A 16-year-old boy is evaluated for delayed puberty and tall stature. On examination, he has small firm testes, sparse facial hair, gynecomastia, and infertility. Laboratory tests show low testosterone and elevated LH and FSH levels. Which of the following is the most likely karyotype?
\n
- A45,XO
- B46,XY
- C47,XXY
- D47,XYY
- E46,XX
\n
\n
Q32AnatomyMedium
\n
A 45-year-old patient presents with loss of peripheral vision in both eyes (bitemporal hemianopia). MRI shows a pituitary tumor compressing the central part of the optic pathway. Which structure is most likely affected?
\n
- AOptic nerve
- BOptic tract
- CLateral geniculate body
- DMiddle part of optic chiasm
- EOptic radiation
\n
\n
Q33PharmacologyMedium
\n
A 70-year-old man is given atropine before surgery. He develops dry mouth, blurred vision, and tachycardia. Which receptor is primarily blocked by this drug?
\n
- ANicotinic Nn receptors
- BNicotinic Nm receptors
- CMuscarinic M1 receptors
- DMuscarinic M3 receptors
\n
\n
Q34PharmacologyMedium
\n
A 65-year-old patient with Alzheimer disease is treated with a drug that increases acetylcholine levels in the brain by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Which receptor type is primarily stimulated in the CNS to improve cognition?
\n
- ANicotinic Nm receptors
- BNicotinic Nn receptors
- CMuscarinic M2 receptors
- DMuscarinic M3 receptors
- EDopamine D2 receptors
\n
\n
Q35PharmacologyMedium
\n
A pharmacological dose-response curve shows that a very small change in drug dose produces a large change in response. What does this indicate about the curve?
\n
- AFlat curve with low potency
- BSteep dose-response curve with high sensitivity
- CShift to the right indicating decreased potency
- DDecreased efficacy
- ECompetitive antagonism
\n
\n
Q36AnatomyMedium
\n
A 60-year-old man presents with loss of vibration sense, proprioception, and fine touch on the right side of his body. Pain and temperature sensations are intact. MRI shows a lesion affecting the pathway that ascends in the spinal cord and relays in the thalamus before reaching the somatosensory cortex. Which of the following pathways is most likely affected?
\n
- ASpinothalamic tract
- BCorticospinal tract
- CDorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway
- DSpinocerebellar tract
- EVestibulospinal tract
\n
\n
Q37AnatomyEasy
\n
A 28-year-old man falls asleep with his arm hanging over a chair ('Saturday night palsy'). On examination, he has wrist drop and inability to extend the wrist and fingers. Sensation is decreased over the dorsal aspect of the lateral hand. Which of the following nerves is most likely injured?
\n
- AUlnar nerve
- BMedian nerve
- CAxillary nerve
- DRadial nerve
- EMusculocutaneous nerve
\n
\n
Q38OphthalmologyEasy
\n
A 19-year-old student complains of blurred and distorted vision at both near and far distances. He reports difficulty focusing on letters and headaches after reading for long periods. On examination, visual acuity improves with cylindrical lenses. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible?
\n
- AMyopia
- BHyperopia
- CAstigmatism
- DPresbyopia
- ECataract
\n
\n
Q39PhysiologyMedium
\n
A 55-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease develops areas of poorly ventilated alveoli in the lungs. In response, blood flow is redirected away from these hypoxic regions to better-ventilated alveoli. Which of the following physiological mechanisms is responsible for this response?
\n
- ABronchodilation in hypoxic regions
- BPulmonary vasodilation in hypoxic regions
- CHypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
- DIncreased cardiac output
\n
\n
Q40PathologyMedium
\n
A patient presents with episodic headaches, sweating, and severe hypertension. Laboratory findings suggest pheochromocytoma. These tumor cells arise from which of the following?
\n
- AChromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
- BParaganglionic cells
- CParafolicular (C) cells of thyroid
- DSympathetic ganglion neurons only
\n
\n
Q41PharmacologyMedium
\n
Itraconazole acts as an antifungal drug. Which of the following is its mechanism of action?
\n
- AInhibits fungal DNA synthesis
- BInhibits squalene epoxidase
- CInhibits fungal cell wall synthesis
- DBinds ergosterol and forms pores in membrane
- EInhibits cytochrome P450 enzyme (14-α-demethylase)
\n
\n
Q42MedicineEasy
\n
A 23-year-old woman presents with fever, facial rash, and joint pain involving multiple small joints. She also reports fatigue and photosensitivity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- ARheumatoid arthritis
- BSystemic lupus erythematosus
- COsteoarthritis
- DGout
- EReactive arthritis
\n
\n
Q43AnatomyEasy
\n
A 25-year-old man sustains a fracture at the neck of the fibula after a road traffic accident. He develops foot drop and loss of dorsiflexion of the foot. Which nerve is most likely injured?
\n
- ATibial nerve
- BCommon peroneal nerve
- CObturator nerve
- DFemoral nerve
- ESaphenous nerve
\n
\n
Q44GynaecologyEasy
\n
A 24-year-old woman presents with a painless, cystic swelling at the posterolateral opening (labia majora area). What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AGartner duct cyst
- BBartholin gland cyst
- CSkene's gland cyst
- DEpidermoid cyst
\n
\n
Q45MedicineHard
\n
A 28-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus presents with hematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension. Urinalysis shows RBC casts. Renal biopsy reveals focal segmental involvement of fewer than 50% of glomeruli with subendothelial immune complex deposition. What is the diagnosis?
\n
- AClass I lupus nephritis
- BClass II lupus nephritis
- CClass III lupus nephritis
- DClass IV lupus nephritis
- EClass V lupus nephritis
\n
\n
Q46PharmacologyEasy
\n
A patient presents with generalized anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia. Which neurotransmitter system is primarily involved in reducing neuronal excitability and is commonly targeted by anxiolytic drugs?
\n
- ADopamine
- BSerotonin
- CGABA
- DAcetylcholine
- EGlutamate
\n
\n
Q47PathologyEasy
\n
A 55-year-old chronic smoker presents with a persistent cough. Bronchoscopy shows that the normal ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchus has been replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- ADysplasia
- BMetaplasia
- CHyperplasia
- DNeoplasia
- EAtrophy
\n
\n
Q48PhysiologyHard
\n
A 30-year-old man presents with vomiting and dehydration. Arterial blood gas shows: pH 7.34, HCO₃⁻ 18 mEq/L, and PaCO₂ 32 mmHg. What is the most likely acid-base disorder?
\n
- AUncompensated metabolic acidosis
- BCompensated metabolic acidosis
- CUncompensated respiratory acidosis
- DCompensated respiratory alkalosis
- EMixed acidosis
\n
\n
Q49MedicineMedium
\n
A 60-year-old man with a history of COPD is given high-flow oxygen in the emergency department. Shortly after, the patient becomes drowsy and develops worsening respiratory acidosis. What is the most likely cause?
\n
- APneumothorax
- BCO₂ retention
- COxygen-induced hypoventilation and CO₂ retention
- DPulmonary embolism
\n
\n
Q50MedicineEasy
\n
A 60-year-old man with a history of chronic liver disease presents with abdominal distension and prominent dilated veins radiating from the umbilicus (caput medusae). What is the most likely underlying condition?
\n
- AAcute hepatitis
- BChronic liver disease with portal hypertension
- CAcute pancreatitis
- DBudd-Chiari syndrome
\n
\n
Q51MicrobiologyMedium
\n
A 35-year-old man presents with recurrent urinary tract infections. Urine culture shows a Gram-negative, motile organism that has a strong ammonia smell. Imaging reveals staghorn calculi. Which organism is most likely responsible?
\n
- AStaphylococcus aureus
- BProteus mirabilis
- CKlebsiella pneumoniae
- DPseudomonas aeruginosa
\n
\n
Q52AnatomyMedium
\n
A patient with cardiac tamponade requires emergency pericardiocentesis. Which is the safest anatomical site for needle insertion?
\n
- ARight 4th intercostal space, midclavicular line
- BLeft 2nd intercostal space, midclavicular line
- CLeft 5th intercostal space, midaxillary line
- DRight 7th intercostal space, posterior
- ESubxiphoid (infrasternal) angle
\n
\n
Q53MedicineEasy
\n
A 20-year-old tall, thin person suddenly develops sharp unilateral chest pain and shortness of breath. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- APulmonary embolism
- BAsthma attack
- CPrimary spontaneous pneumothorax
- DPleural effusion
\n
\n
Q54MedicineEasy
\n
A 40-year-old chronic smoker presents with cough that has been gradually worsening over years. What is the most likely underlying diagnosis?
\n
- APneumonia
- BChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- CAcute bronchitis
- DPulmonary embolism
\n
\n
Q55AnatomyMedium
\n
At which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta pass through the diaphragm?
\n
\n
\n
Q56PharmacologyMedium
\n
A patient is diagnosed with Clostridium difficile infection and is allergic to metronidazole. What is the most appropriate alternative drug?
\n
- ADoxycycline
- BOral vancomycin
- CCiprofloxacin
- DCeftriaxone
- ECarbamazepine
\n
\n
Q57MedicineMedium
\n
A 19-year-old male presents with intermittent mild jaundice, especially during stress or fasting. Liver function tests are otherwise normal, and there is no hemolysis. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AGilbert syndrome
- BHemolytic anemia
- CDubin-Johnson syndrome
- DCrigler-Najjar syndrome
- ERotor syndrome
\n
\n
Q58BiochemistryEasy
\n
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is obtained from which source?
\n
- APlant origin (UV-exposed plants)
- BFungal origin only
- CDietary carbohydrates
- DAnimal origin (skin synthesis and animal sources)
- EBacterial synthesis
\n
\n
Q59EndocrinologyHard
\n
A child presents with ambiguous genitalia. Karyotype is 46,XX, and there is mild virilization at birth. There is no severe salt-wasting crisis. What is the most likely enzyme deficiency?
\n
- AAromatase deficiency
- B21-hydroxylase deficiency
- C17α-hydroxylase deficiency
- D5α-reductase deficiency
- E11β-hydroxylase deficiency
\n
\n
Q60PhysiologyMedium
\n
A male patient develops antibodies against FSH, leading to decreased FSH activity. Which of the following is most likely to decrease?
\n
- ASperm count
- BTestosterone level
- CLH level
- DProlactin level
\n
\n
Q61AnatomyEasy
\n
A patient sustains a fracture of the surgical neck of humerus. He develops loss of sensation over the lateral aspect of the shoulder/upper arm. Which nerve is most likely injured?
\n
- AMusculocutaneous nerve
- BMedian nerve
- CRadial nerve
- DAxillary nerve
- EUlnar nerve
\n
\n
Q62EndocrinologyEasy
\n
A patient is found to have an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma causing excess cortisol. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AAddison disease
- BHypothyroidism
- CPrimary adrenal insufficiency
- DCushing disease
- EExogenous glucocorticoid use
\n
\n
Q63MicrobiologyMedium
\n
A 45-year-old man with vomiting and abdominal cramps presents to the ER. He is a known diabetic and develops black necrotic lesions on the nasal bridge and palate during hospitalization. Which organism is most likely responsible?
\n
- AAspergillus
- BCandida albicans
- CRhizopus (Mucormycosis)
- DCryptococcus
\n
\n
Q64AnatomyHard
\n
A stab injury at 6th ICS on the right side of the sternum — which structure is most likely pierced?
\n
- ARight Atrium
- BSVC
- CRight Ventricle
- DLeft Ventricle
\n
\n
Q65MedicineHard
\n
An elderly woman presents in the morning confused, not having taken insulin the previous night. Laboratory investigations reveal low blood glucose, high insulin levels, and elevated C-peptide. What is the most likely cause?
\n
- AMeningioma
- BTrauma
- CStress
- DDiabetes mellitus
- EInsulinoma
\n
\n
Q66MicrobiologyHard
\n
A 52-year-old man presents with chronic AFib, chronic diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal bloating, and migratory joint pains. Small intestinal biopsy shows material that stains positive with PAS. Which of the following is the most likely causative organism?
\n
- AMycobacterium tuberculosis
- BGiardia lamblia
- CTropheryma whipplei
- DEntamoeba histolytica
\n
\n
Q67CardiologyHard
\n
A 60-year-old man with Atrial Fibrillation and systolic Heart Failure presents with palpitations. Blood pressure is stable, heart rate is 140/min. Which of the following medications is useful for controlling the heart rate while also being safe in heart failure?
\n
- AAdenosine
- BFlecainide
- CDigoxin
- DVerapamil
- EDiltiazem
\n
\n
Q68EndocrinologyMedium
\n
A 58-year-old man with Chronic Kidney Disease for 20 years now presents with bone pain and pruritus. Laboratory studies show hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated parathyroid hormone levels. Which organ is most likely involved?
\n
- AAdrenal cortex
- BParathyroid glands
- CPancreas
- DThyroid gland
- EPituitary gland
\n
\n
Q69NeurologyEasy
\n
A 65-year-old man presents with resting bradykinesia, shuffling gait, and reduced facial expression. MRI reveals degeneration of the Substantia nigra pars compacta. Which structure is most likely involved?
\n
- ACerebellar cortex
- BThalamus
- CRed nucleus
- DSubstantia nigra pars compacta
- EMotor cortex
\n
\n
Q70CardiologyEasy
\n
A 70-year-old man presents with exertional chest pain, shortness of breath, and episodes of syncope. On examination, there is a harsh crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur best heard at the right second intercostal space and radiating to the carotids. Which valvular lesion is the most likely cause?
\n
- APulmonary stenosis
- BMitral regurgitation
- CAortic stenosis
- DTricuspid regurgitation
- EMitral stenosis
\n
\n
Q71SurgeryEasy
\n
A 29-year-old woman presents with a 1.5 cm, painless, firm, mobile, well-circumscribed breast lump discovered incidentally. It is homogeneous and oval and moves freely on palpation. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- APhyllodes tumour
- BMammary papilloma
- CInvasive ductal carcinoma
- DFibroadenoma
- EPaget disease of breast
\n
\n
Q72CardiologyEasy
\n
A 70-year-old man with exertional chest pain has a harsh systolic ejection murmur heard at the right second intercostal space with radiation to the neck. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this angina?
\n
- APulmonary stenosis
- BMitral stenosis
- CAortic stenosis
- DTricuspid regurgitation
- EMitral regurgitation
\n
\n
Q73AnatomyEasy
\n
A 40-year-old housemaid presents with swelling and pain over the front of the knee due to repeated kneeling while working. Which of the following structures is most likely inflamed?
\n
- AInfrapatellar bursa
- BPrepatellar bursa
- CSuprapatellar bursa
- DPopliteal bursa
\n
\n
Q74PharmacologyEasy
\n
A 52-year-old man with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections is prescribed ciprofloxacin. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of this drug?
\n
- AInhibition of dihydropteroate synthase
- BInhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
- CBinding to the 50S ribosomal subunit
- DInhibition of transpeptidase enzyme
- EInhibits 30S unit of the ribosome
\n
\n
Q75AnatomyMedium
\n
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the clinic with a painless, fluctuant swelling in the scrotum that transilluminates brightly. The swelling is due to a collection of serous fluid within a persistent remnant of which anatomical structure?
\n
- AProcessus vaginalis
- BTunica vaginalis
- CTunica albuginea
- DGubernaculum
- EExternal spermatic fascia
\n
\n
Q76SurgeryMedium
\n
A 22-year-old male presents with a painless, non-reducible mass on the lateral aspect of his neck, anterior to the upper third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. FNA yields straw-colored fluid containing cholesterol crystals. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- ABranchial cleft cyst
- BThyroglossal duct cyst
- CCystic hygroma
- DCarotid body tumor
- ELaryngocele
\n
\n
Q77AnatomyMedium
\n
Lymphatic drainage from the anal canal above the pectinate line primarily goes to which lymph nodes?
\n
- AInternal iliac nodes
- BSuperficial inguinal nodes
- CDeep inguinal nodes
- DPara-aortic nodes
\n
\n
Q78AnatomyMedium
\n
Which of the following lymph node groups is the primary site of lymphatic drainage for the kidneys?
\n
- ALumbar lymph nodes
- BSuperior mesenteric lymph nodes
- CInferior phrenic lymph nodes
- DInferior thoracic lymph nodes
- ECeliac lymph nodes
\n
\n
Q79AnatomyHard
\n
During a cholecystectomy, the surgeon identifies an additional arterial vessel supplying the right lobe of the liver. An accessory right hepatic artery most commonly arises from which of the following vessels?
\n
- ACeliac trunk
- BSuperior mesenteric artery (SMA)
- CLeft gastric artery
- DGastroduodenal artery
- ESplenic artery
\n
\n
Q80SurgeryMedium
\n
What is the most common site for a benign gastric ulcer?
\n
- AUpper part of lesser curvature
- BLesser curvature (at or near the incisura angularis)
- CGreater curvature of the antrum
- DFundus
- EPosterior wall of the body
\n
\n
Q81PathologyEasy
\n
P53 is known as the 'guardian of the genome.' It is primarily activated by:
\n
- ADamage to RNA
- BDamage to DNA
- CCell injury
- DProtein malfunction
\n
\n
Q82BiochemistryEasy
\n
Pyruvate carboxylase requires which coenzyme for its activity?
\n
- AThiamine
- BBiotin
- CRiboflavin
- DPyridoxine
\n
\n
Q83BiochemistryMedium
\n
Gaucher disease — crumpled tissue paper-like macrophages — is caused by deficiency of which enzyme?
\n
- AHexosaminidase-A
- BGlucocerebrosidase
- CSphingomyelinase
- DHexosaminidase
- EGlucokinase
\n
\n
Q84BiochemistryEasy
\n
A patient presents with mental retardation and urine that has a burnt sugar-like smell. The likely diagnosis is:
\n
- AMaple syrup urine disease
- BAlkaptonuria
- CPhenylketonuria
- DHomocystinuria
\n
\n
Q85BiochemistryHard
\n
Type 1 hyperlipidemia with increased VLDL and TG is due to:
\n
- ADeficiency of Lipoprotein lipase
- BApo C1 mutation
- CApo E deficiency
- DLDL receptor deficiency
- EDeficiency of Apo B
\n
\n
Q86PathologyMedium
\n
A patient has loss of consciousness and wakes up after a few hours with aphasia and unilateral body weakness. After two months, he develops a cystic cavity in the brain parenchyma. This type of necrosis is due to:
\n
- ACoagulative necrosis
- BLiquefactive necrosis
- CCaseous necrosis
- DFat necrosis
\n
\n
Q87PharmacologyMedium
\n
A 60-year-old diabetic patient on oral antidiabetic medication skips breakfast and presents semi-conscious with a blood glucose level of 45 mg/dL. Which of the following medications is most likely responsible?
\n
- AMetformin
- BGlimepiride
- CPioglitazone
- DSitagliptin
\n
\n
Q88PharmacologyMedium
\n
A patient on dabigatran presents with prolonged PT and requires surgery. When should dabigatran be stopped before surgery?
\n
- A72 hours before
- B24 hours before
- C48 hours before
- DRepeat PT before surgery and then stop
\n
\n
Q89PhysiologyMedium
\n
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is increased by:
\n
- AConstriction of glomerulus
- BConstriction of afferent arteriole
- CDilation of afferent arteriole
- DDilation of efferent arteriole
\n
\n
Q90PharmacologyEasy
\n
Omeprazole inhibits which structure?
\n
- ANa/K pump
- BH⁺/K⁺ ATPase (proton pump)
- CH ATPase
- DNa ATPase
\n
\n
Q91AnatomyHard
\n
An abscess in the posterior triangle of the neck, superior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, is likely to spread to:
\n
- AInvesting layer of deep cervical fascia
- BPretracheal fascia
- CRetromandibular space
- DPrevertebral fascia
\n
\n
Q92AnatomyHard
\n
The medial cord of the brachial plexus continues as which of the following nerves?
\n
- AMedial cutaneous nerve of forearm
- BMedial cutaneous nerve of arm
- CUlnar nerve
- DMusculocutaneous nerve
- EMedian nerve
\n
\n
Q93AnatomyEasy
\n
A patient presents with a medial epicondyle injury of the humerus. On examination, the patient is unable to abduct or adduct the fingers and cannot grip a piece of paper between the fingers. Which nerve is injured?
\n
- AMedian nerve
- BRadial nerve
- CUlnar nerve
- DMusculocutaneous nerve
- EAxillary nerve
\n
\n
Q94AnatomyHard
\n
A young boy has got an injury on the back of his wrist. Which muscles are located within the first extensor compartment of the wrist?
\n
- AExtensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
- BAbductor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis
- CExtensor pollicis longus
- DExtensor digitorum and Extensor indicis
- EExtensor carpi ulnaris
\n
\n
Q95MedicineMedium
\n
A patient presents with generalized bone pain and weakness. Lab shows: Serum Calcium Low, Serum Phosphate High, PTH Significantly Elevated, Serum Creatinine Significantly Elevated. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AVitamin D deficiency
- BPrimary Hyperparathyroidism
- CRenal Impairment
- DAcute respiratory acidosis
- EHypoparathyroidism
\n
\n
Q96PharmacologyEasy
\n
Which of the following drugs is most commonly associated with the development of postural (orthostatic) hypotension?
\n
- AAlpha blocker
- BNitrous Oxide
- CNon-selective beta blocker
- DSelective beta blocker
- ECalcium channel blocker
\n
\n
Q97AnatomyMedium
\n
A female patient undergoes a radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection. Post-operatively, she notices that her scapula protrudes backward when pushing against a wall. Which nerve was most likely injured?
\n
- AThoracodorsal nerve
- BLong thoracic nerve
- CAxillary nerve
- DMedial pectoral nerve
- EIntercostobrachial nerve
\n
\n
Q98AnatomyHard
\n
Which of the following structures is in an anterior relation to the third part of the duodenum and can cause its obstruction?
\n
- ASuperior mesenteric artery (SMA)
- BSuperior mesenteric vein (SMV)
- CInferior mesenteric artery
- DCommon bile duct
- EGastroduodenal artery
\n
\n
Q99ObstetricsMedium
\n
During the surgical management of refractory Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH), which vessel ligation is typically attempted first?
\n
- AInternal iliac ligation
- BUterine artery ligation
- CHysterectomy
- DPacking
\n
\n
Q100MedicineEasy
\n
A patient with 'pure water depletion' should ideally be treated with which intravenous fluid?
\n
- ANormal saline
- BRinger lactate
- C5% dextrose
- DHypertonic saline
\n
\n
Q101ObstetricsEasy
\n
Gestational thrombocytopenia, the most common cause of low platelets in pregnancy, is typically:
\n
- ASevere with bleeding
- BMild and asymptomatic
- CAutoimmune
- DLife-threatening
\n
\n
Q102PhysiologyEasy
\n
In the small intestine, glucose is transported from the lumen into the enterocytes primarily via:
\n
- ADiffusion
- BFacilitated diffusion
- CNa-glucose cotransport
- DActive transport only
\n
\n
Q103AnatomyEasy
\n
The sartorius muscle, the longest muscle in the human body, originates from which anatomical landmark?
\n
- AIliac crest
- BASIS
- CIschial tuberosity
- DPubis
\n
\n
Q104ImmunologyEasy
\n
Which cell type is primarily responsible for mediating cell-mediated immunity?
\n
- AB cells
- BT cells
- CNK cells only
- DPlasma cells
\n
\n
Q105PathologyMedium
\n
On DNA electrophoresis, the characteristic pattern produced by apoptosis is known as the:
\n
- ASmudge pattern
- BSwelling
- CRandom breakdown
- DLadder pattern
\n
\n
Q106GynaecologyEasy
\n
PCOS is characterized by a hormonal imbalance primarily involving:
\n
- ALow androgens
- BHigh androgens
- CLow insulin
- DLow LH
\n
\n
Q107PathologyMedium
\n
In the early pathological stages of acute appendicitis, the inflammatory response is typically:
\n
- ASuppurative
- BGangrenous
- CFibrotic
- DChronic
\n
\n
Q108PharmacologyMedium
\n
After a surgical procedure where heparin was used, Protamine Sulfate was administered to reverse its effects. What is the mechanism of action of Protamine?
\n
- ACompetitive inhibition
- BFormation of an inactive complex via ionic bonding
- CEnzymatic degradation of Vitamin K-dependent factors
- DActivation of antithrombin III
\n
\n
Q109ObstetricsEasy
\n
A 28-year-old woman is diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy. Statistically, what is the most common site for ectopic implantation?
\n
- AFimbria
- BIsthmus
- CIntestinal portion
- DAmpulla
\n
\n
Q110ObstetricsMedium
\n
A hemodynamically stable patient with an ectopic pregnancy has a beta-hCG level of 1500 IU/L with no visible fetal heart activity on ultrasound. What is the most appropriate management?
\n
- ALaparoscopy
- BMethotrexate
- CExpectant management
- DLaparoscopic salpingectomy
\n
\n
Q111ObstetricsEasy
\n
A pregnant patient's lab shows low serum ferritin and peripheral blood film shows hypochromic microcytic anemia. What is the physiological basis for iron deficiency in pregnancy?
\n
- AIncreased red cell lifespan
- BChronic blood loss
- CDecreased iron due to hemodilution
- DIncreased iron demand due to growing fetus and placenta
- EDecreased dietary iron absorption
\n
\n
Q112BiochemistryHard
\n
Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the beta-globin chain where glutamic acid is replaced by valine. Which of the following is the correct mutation at the DNA level?
\n
- AAdenine to Thymine
- BGuanine to Thymine
- CGuanine to Uracil
- DAdenine to Cytosine
- EThymine to Cytosine
\n
\n
Q113ObstetricsEasy
\n
A woman in the reproductive age group receives the Rubella vaccine. How long should she be advised to use effective contraception following the vaccination?
\n
- A28 days
- B6 months
- C9 months
- D12 months
\n
\n
Q114EndocrinologyMedium
\n
A patient presents with secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Her prolactin level is found to be 160 mIU/L. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- ADrug-induced hyperprolactinemia
- BMacroprolactinoma
- CStress-induced hyperprolactinemia
- DMicroprolactinoma
\n
\n
Q115AnatomyMedium
\n
A newborn female is specifically unable to dorsiflex the big toe. Which nerve is involved?
\n
- ASciatic Nerve
- BCommon Peroneal Nerve
- CTibial Nerve
- DFemoral Nerve
- ESural Nerve
\n
\n
Q116MicrobiologyMedium
\n
A patient develops a deep abdominal and gynaecological infection following surgery. Which anaerobic organism is most frequently implicated?
\n
- AStreptococcus pyogenes
- BBacteroides fragilis
- CStaphylococcus aureus
- DEscherichia coli
\n
\n
Q117MicrobiologyMedium
\n
An AIDS patient presents with chronic, profuse, watery diarrhea. Which virus is a common opportunistic cause?
\n
- AHIV
- BWest Nile virus
- CCMV
- DCovid
\n
\n
Q118SurgeryEasy
\n
A long-term smoker and heavy drinker develops progressive dysphagia, first to solids then liquids. A mass is found in the middle third of the esophagus. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AAdenocarcinoma
- BSquamous cell carcinoma
- CLymphoma
- DSarcoma
\n
\n
Q119BiochemistryEasy
\n
Which lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?
\n
- AChylomicrons
- BVLDL
- CLDL
- DHDL
\n
\n
Q120CardiologyEasy
\n
A patient presents with sharp chest pain relieved by leaning forward and worsened by lying flat. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AMyocardial Infarction
- BAcute Pericarditis
- CPulmonary Embolism
- DAortic Dissection
\n
\n
Q121AnatomyEasy
\n
A patient presents with an inability to wrinkle the forehead, close the eye, or smile on the left side. Which nerve is damaged?
\n
- ALeft Oculomotor nerve
- BLeft Facial nerve
- CRight Facial nerve
- DLeft Trigeminal nerve
\n
\n
Q122PharmacologyEasy
\n
A patient with a known history of gastric ulcers requires medication for dental pain. Which of the following is the safest option?
\n
- AAspirin
- BIbuprofen
- CNaproxen
- DAcetaminophen
\n
\n
Q123AnatomyMedium
\n
A patient presented with neck rigidity and fever. For lumbar puncture, which of the following is the ideal site?
\n
- AAbove the spinous process of L4
- BBelow the spinous process of L5
- CConus medullaris
- DBelow spinous process of L2
\n
\n
Q124AnatomyHard
\n
A patient has lost general sensation on the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue after submandibular gland surgery. Which nerve was injured?
\n
- AFacial
- BGlossopharyngeal
- CMaxillary
- DTrigeminal
- ELingual
\n
\n
Q125GeneticsEasy
\n
What is the most common cytogenetic mechanism that leads to Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY karyotype)?
\n
- AChromosomal deletion
- BNon-disjunction during meiosis
- CBalanced reciprocal translocation
- DMosaicism due to mitotic error
\n
\n
Q126HaematologyMedium
\n
A known patient of arthritis used drugs for 8 to 9 months. Presents with Hb 8 g/dl, MCV 101 fl, bone marrow biopsy shows hypercellularity. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- AAplastic anemia
- BMegaloblastic anemia
- CLeukemia
- DLymphoma
- ESideroblastic anemia
\n
\n
Q127NeurologyHard
\n
A 30-year-old male treated for meningitis 1 month ago came with morning headache having bilateral papilledema. The cause is:
\n
- ABlockage of Dural sinus
- BHydrocephalus
- CInvolvement of cerebral vessels
- DInvolvement of meninges
- ESubdural collection
\n
\n
Q128PhysiologyMedium
\n
A 3-month-old baby presented with respiratory difficulty. ABGs showing low pH, pCO2 60 and HCO3 20. What is the metabolic disorder?
\n
- AAddison disease
- BAcute respiratory acidosis
- CMetabolic alkalosis
- DDKA
- ELactic acidosis
\n
\n
Q129AnatomyEasy
\n
Which of the following is an unpaired artery of the abdominal aorta?
\n
- AInferior phrenic artery
- BCeliac artery
- CRenal artery
- DGonadal artery
\n
\n
Q130GeneticsEasy
\n
Which clinical features are most characteristic of Turner Syndrome (45, XO)?
\n
- AWebbed neck and streak ovaries
- BTall stature and hypogonadism
- CMicrognathia and cleft palate
- DMacroglossia and hypotonia
\n
\n
Q131GeneticsEasy
\n
What is the primary clinical utility of Karyotyping?
\n
- AScreening test for chromosomal disorders
- BConfirmatory test for chromosomal abnormalities
- CImaging study for abdominal organs
- DHormonal assay
\n
\n
Q132RadiologyEasy
\n
In clinical practice, ultrasound is considered the initial investigation of choice for:
\n
- AAbdominal and pelvic abnormalities
- BCardiac arrhythmias
- CChromosomal abnormalities
- DNeurological deficits
\n
\n
Q133ObstetricsMedium
\n
Pudendal Nerve block is targeted for:
\n
- ASciatic nerve block
- BAnesthesia during the second stage of labor or vaginal procedures
- CFemoral nerve block
- DLumbar plexus block
\n
\n
Q134BiochemistryEasy
\n
What is the functional role of the Glycocalyx in the cell membrane?
\n
- AStructural protein
- BReceptor site, provides cell-to-cell recognition and offers protection
- CEnergy storage molecule
- DIon channel
\n
\n
Q135MicrobiologyMedium
\n
Which culture medium is typically used to observe the non-hemolytic colonies of Bacillus anthracis?
\n
- ABlood Agar
- BMacConkey agar
- CChocolate agar only
- DSabouraud agar
\n
\n
Q136SurgeryMedium
\n
The major complication of femoral fracture that can lead to death is:
\n
- ACompartment syndrome
- BFat Embolism
- CDeep vein thrombosis
- DOsteomyelitis
\n
\n
Q137AnatomyHard
\n
An athlete playing high jump presented with pain in the gluteal region. On examination he cannot flex hip and extend knee at the same time. Damage to which of the following?
\n
- AHamstring strain
- BAvulsion of the ischial tuberosity
- CQuadriceps tear
- DSciatic nerve injury
\n
\n
Q138MedicineEasy
\n
In a pregnant woman with a family history of Wilson's Disease, which parameters should be monitored?
\n
- ASerum iron
- BSerum copper or ceruloplasmin level
- CBlood glucose
- DSerum calcium
\n
\n
Q139MedicineEasy
\n
A patient has Hb = 4 g/dL — what is the most appropriate immediate management?
\n
- AIron therapy
- BVitamin B12
- CBlood transfusion
- DObservation
\n
\n
Q140GeneticsEasy
\n
In Klinefelter syndrome karyotype is:
\n
- A45 XO
- B47 XXY
- C46 XY
- D47 XYY
\n
\n
Q141ObstetricsEasy
\n
A pregnant woman collapses suddenly — what is the first step of management?
\n
- ADefibrillation
- BIntubation
- CCall for help
- DIV fluids
\n
\n
Q142MicrobiologyEasy
\n
Confirmatory test for syphilis:
\n
\n
\n
Q143AnatomyEasy
\n
Ovarian artery arises from:
\n
- AInternal iliac
- BExternal iliac
- CAbdominal aorta
- DRenal artery
\n
\n
Q144AnatomyEasy
\n
Uterine artery is a branch of:
\n
- AExternal iliac
- BInternal iliac
- CFemoral artery
- DAorta
\n
\n
Q145Community MedicineMedium
\n
Relative risk is calculated as:
\n
- Aa/(a+b)
- Bc/(c+d)
- C[a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]
- Da/c
\n
\n
Q146ObstetricsEasy
\n
In Rh-negative mother postpartum prophylaxis dose of anti D is:
\n
- A100 IU
- B300 IU
- C500 IU
- D1000 IU
\n
\n
Q147ObstetricsEasy
\n
Seizures in preeclampsia are treated with:
\n
- ADiazepam
- BMagnesium sulfate
- CPhenytoin
- DLabetalol
\n
\n
Q148AnatomyMedium
\n
Which segment of the lung is associated with the right superior bronchus?
\n
- ARight superior lobe
- BLeft lower lobe
- CLeft superior lobe
- DRight lower lobe
\n
\n
Q149ObstetricsMedium
\n
A patient presented with polyhydramnios. Which of the following fetal conditions is associated with it?
\n
- ANeural tube defects
- BHorse shoe kidney
- CDuodenal atresia
- DRenal agenesis
\n
\n
Q150Community MedicineEasy
\n
A researcher compares the presence or absence of disease between two independent groups in a clinical study. Which statistical test is most appropriate?
\n
- At-test
- BANOVA
- CChi-square test
- DPaired t-test
\n
\n
Q151NeurologyHard
\n
A 45-year-old man presents with inability to close his right eye, drooping of the mouth on the same side, and loss of forehead wrinkles. On examination, both upper and lower facial muscles are affected. Where is the lesion most likely located?
\n
- ALeft motor cortex
- BFacial nerve nucleus in the pons
- CUpper motor neuron lesion in internal capsule
- DTrigeminal nerve nucleus
\n
\n
Q152ObstetricsEasy
\n
A woman in the reproductive age receives Rubella vaccine. How long should she avoid pregnancy?
\n
- A28 days
- B6 months
- C9 months
- D12 months
\n
\n
Q153PharmacologyMedium
\n
BRCA mutations significantly increase the lifetime risk of breast and ovarian cancer. A 28-year-old female seeks treatment for infertility. Which dopamine agonist is first-line for inhibiting prolactin secretion?
\n
- ABromocriptine
- BCabergoline
- CMetoclopramide
- DDomperidone
\n
\n
Q154ObstetricsMedium
\n
Shortly after rupture of membranes, a laboring patient develops sudden cardiovascular collapse, DIC, and respiratory distress. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- APulmonary Embolism
- BPlacental Abruption
- CEclampsia
- DAmniotic Fluid Embolism
\n
\n
Q155MedicineEasy
\n
A young woman presents with photosensitivity, multiple rash, joint pain, and fatigue. Which autoimmune disease is most likely?
\n
- ASystemic Lupus Erythematosus
- BScleroderma
- CRheumatoid Arthritis
- DDermatomyositis
\n
\n
Q156PathologyEasy
\n
'Programmed cell death' that occurs without an inflammatory response is known as:
\n
- ANecrosis
- BApoptosis
- CAutophagy
- DInfarction
\n
\n
Q157PhysiologyEasy
\n
A patient who is hyperventilating due to an anxiety attack will most likely show which acid-base disturbance?
\n
- AMetabolic Acidosis
- BRespiratory Acidosis
- CMetabolic Alkalosis
- DRespiratory Alkalosis
\n
\n
Q158PathologyEasy
\n
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia is classically associated with the Philadelphia chromosome, which involves a translocation between:
\n
- At(9;22)
- Bt(14;18)
- Ct(8;14)
- Dt(15;17)
\n
\n
Q159AnatomyMedium
\n
A newborn girl delivered via forceps cannot abduct, flex, or supinate the arm. Which structure was most likely damaged?
\n
- AMedian nerve
- BAxillary nerve
- CComplete brachial plexus
- DUpper trunk of brachial plexus
\n
\n
Q160AnatomyEasy
\n
During a thyroidectomy, the surgeon ligates the inferior thyroid artery. Which nerve lies in close proximity to this vessel?
\n
- ASuperior laryngeal
- BInferior laryngeal
- CPosterior laryngeal
- DRecurrent laryngeal
\n
\n
Q161AnatomyEasy
\n
A patient suffers a blow to the side of the head, resulting in a fracture where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones meet. The middle meningeal artery lies deep to this bone. Which vessel is most likely ruptured?
\n
- ABridging vessels
- BMiddle meningeal artery
- CPosterior meningeal artery
- DAnterior meningeal artery
\n
\n
Q162MicrobiologyEasy
\n
An AIDS patient has white lesions in the oral cavity that can be easily scraped off, revealing an erythematous base. What is the diagnosis?
\n
- APseudomembranous fibrosis
- BLeukoplakia
- COral Candidiasis
- DSubmucous fibrosis
\n
\n
Q163MicrobiologyEasy
\n
A microscopic examination of a fungal culture reveals hyphae with internal cross-walls (septa) that divide the hyphae into distinct cells. How are these described?
\n
- ACoenocytic hyphae
- BSeptate hyphae
- CDimorphic fungi
- DPseudohyphae
\n
\n
Q164PharmacologyMedium
\n
A 70-year-old male with Parkinson disease is admitted for chemotherapy due to malignancy. He develops worsening rigidity and tremors after receiving an antiemetic. Which drug is most likely responsible?
\n
- AOndansetron
- BMetoclopramide
- CDomperidone
- DGranisetron
\n
\n
Q165NeurologyEasy
\n
A 65-year-old man presents with resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and a shuffling gait. MRI shows degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Which brain structure is primarily affected?
\n
- ASubstantia nigra
- BCerebellum
- CThalamus
- DCaudate nucleus
\n
\n
Q166MicrobiologyEasy
\n
A 7-year-old child presents with high-grade fever, sore throat, strawberry tongue, and a diffuse sandpaper-like rash over the trunk and extremities. Which is the most likely causative organism?
\n
- AStaphylococcus aureus
- BStreptococcus pyogenes
- CEscherichia coli
- DCorynebacterium diphtheriae
\n
\n
Q167MedicineMedium
\n
A patient presents with repeated vomiting, confusion, and inability to pass urine. Laboratory tests show elevated urea and creatinine with fluid overload. What is the most appropriate immediate management?
\n
- AOral rehydration
- BFurosemide
- CHemodialysis
- DSpironolactone
\n
\n
Q168PathologyMedium
\n
A patient presents with episodic headaches, sweating, and severe hypertension consistent with pheochromocytoma. These tumor cells arise from which of the following?
\n
- AChromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
- BParaganglionic cells
- CParafollicular (C) cells of thyroid
- DSympathetic ganglion neurons only
\n
\n
Q169AnatomyHard
\n
A 38-year-old woman presents with severe right upper quadrant pain radiating to the right scapula. Murphy's sign is positive. The pain is primarily due to inflammation stimulating which structure?
\n
- AVisceral peritoneum of gallbladder
- BGallbladder mucosal villi
- CBile duct cilia
- DHepatic lobule microvilli
\n
\n
Q170PharmacologyMedium
\n
A new antiviral drug is being tested for a viral infection. Researchers measure the percentage of patients achieving viral clearance at different doses. What type of dose-response relationship is being assessed?
\n
- AGraded response curve
- BQuantal response curve
- CTherapeutic index
- DPotency curve
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Q171PharmacologyEasy
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Two antiviral drugs are compared. Drug A achieves the same maximal effect as Drug B but requires a lower dose to achieve that effect. Which pharmacological property is higher in Drug A?
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- AEfficacy
- BPotency
- CTherapeutic index
- DBioavailability
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Q172MedicineMedium
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A patient with chronic kidney disease presents with muscle weakness and ECG changes showing peaked T waves, suggesting acute hyperkalemia. What is the first immediate treatment to stabilize the cardiac membrane?
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- AInsulin with glucose
- BCalcium gluconate
- CFurosemide
- DSodium bicarbonate
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Q173PharmacologyMedium
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A patient with peptic ulcer disease is prescribed a drug that acts locally in the stomach and does not require systemic absorption to exert its effect. Which of the following drugs best fits this description?
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- AOmeprazole
- BSucralfate
- CRanitidine
- DMisoprostol
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Q174MedicineMedium
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A 52-year-old man with bronze skin pigmentation, diabetes, and liver dysfunction is diagnosed with hereditary hemochromatosis. Which malignancy is he at highest risk of developing?
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- ACholangiocarcinoma
- BHepatocellular carcinoma
- CPancreatic adenocarcinoma
- DGastric carcinoma
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Q175SurgeryMedium
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A 55-year-old woman presents with a thyroid nodule. Fine needle aspiration suggests follicular thyroid carcinoma. Imaging later shows distant metastasis. Where is follicular thyroid carcinoma most likely to metastasize?
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- ALungs only
- BCervical lymph nodes only
- CBone and lungs via bloodstream
- DBrain only
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Q176ObstetricsHard
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Tay-Sachs screening for a Jewish lady of 16 weeks gestation. What is the most appropriate next step?
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- AAmniocentesis
- BNo intervention needed
- CQuadruple test
- DChorionic villus sampling
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Q177SurgeryHard
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A patient presents with severe pain in the ankle and develops ecchymosis on the second day. He can stand on his toes but it is painful. What is the cause?
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- ARupture of Achilles tendon
- BRupture of plantaris tendon
- CRupture of tibial tendon
- DMedial Malleolus damage
- ELateral Malleolus damage
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Q178MicrobiologyEasy
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A patient presents with abdominal discomfort and laboratory findings show marked eosinophilia. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
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- ABacterial infection
- BViral infection
- CParasitic infection (helminths)
- DFungal infection
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Q179GeneticsEasy
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A man with Achondroplasia marries a healthy woman. What is the probability that their child will inherit the condition?
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\n
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Q180CardiologyEasy
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A 60-year-old man presents with sudden severe chest pain. ECG shows ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Which of the following is the most common underlying cause?
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- ACoronary artery spasm
- BCoronary artery embolism
- CAtherosclerotic plaque rupture with arterial thrombosis
- DAortic dissection
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Q181PharmacologyMedium
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Patient on dabigatran needs surgery. When should it be stopped before surgery?
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- A72 hours before
- B24 hours before
- C48 hours before
- DRepeat PT before surgery then stop
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Q182NeuroscienceHard
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A lesion involving the peri-amygdaloid and piriform cortex most likely affects which function?
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- AVision
- BHearing
- CGustatory sensation
- DOlfaction
- EMotor coordination
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Q183AnatomyHard
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A patient presents with sigmoid volvulus causing acute abdominal obstruction. Urgent intervention is required to prevent ischemia of which arterial supply?
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- ALeft colic artery
- BSigmoid arteries
- CMiddle colic artery
- DIleocolic artery
- ERight colic artery
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Q184PhysiologyHard
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An 80-year-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis has chronic, dull, poorly localized pain for a long duration. Which pathway is primarily responsible for this type of pain?
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- ANeospinothalamic tract
- BPaleospinothalamic tract
- CReticulospinal tract
- DCorticospinal tract
- EDorsal column pathway
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Q185PaediatricsEasy
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A child is diagnosed with Tetralogy of Fallot. Which of the following is a characteristic finding?
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- ALeft ventricular hypertrophy
- BRight ventricular hypertrophy
- CAtrial enlargement
- DPulmonary venous congestion
- EMitral stenosis
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Q186PhysiologyMedium
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A premature infant develops respiratory distress syndrome due to surfactant deficiency. What change is seen in lung mechanics?
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- ADecreased elastic recoil
- BIncreased compliance
- CDecreased compliance
- DIncreased residual volume
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Q187BiochemistryMedium
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A patient presents with chronic hemolytic anemia. Blood smear shows echinocytes ('blurr/prickle cells') due to reduced ATP production. Which enzyme deficiency is most likely?
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- AG6PD
- BPyruvate kinase (PK)
- CHexokinase
- DGlucose-6-phosphatase
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Q188BiochemistryMedium
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Osmotic fragility test is positive, indicating hereditary spherocytosis (HS). Which protein is most likely defective?
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- ASpectrin
- BActin
- CHemoglobin
- DAnkyrin only
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Q189PharmacologyHard
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A patient with Parkinson disease develops drug-induced hemolytic anemia after starting therapy. Which drug is most likely responsible?
\n
- ALevodopa
- BAmantadine
- CSelegiline
- DBromocriptine
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Q190ImmunologyEasy
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A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus develops lupus nephritis due to immune complex deposition. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved?
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- AType I
- BType II
- CType III
- DType IV
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Q191PhysiologyEasy
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A patient has hypertension due to increased formation of angiotensin II in the lungs. Which enzyme is responsible?
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- ARenin
- BACE
- CADH
- DAldosterone synthase
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Q192PathologyEasy
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A novel anticancer drug eliminates tumor cells by triggering programmed cell death pathways. What is its primary mechanism?
\n
- ANecrosis
- BAutophagy inhibition
- CApoptosis
- DMetastasis inhibition
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Q193AnatomyHard
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A patient presents with a lower eyelid lesion that is well-demarcated, erythematous, and has a central pustule arising from an eyelid gland. Which gland is most likely involved?
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- AMeibomian gland
- BKrause gland
- CGland of Zeis
- DLacrimal gland
- EMoll gland
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Q194PharmacologyMedium
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A patient is started on an antidepressant that increases both serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the synaptic cleft. Which drug is most likely?
\n
- AFluoxetine
- BVenlafaxine
- CSertraline
- DHaloperidol
- EAmitriptyline
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Q195ObstetricsEasy
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The lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio is used clinically to assess which fetal condition?
\n
- ARenal maturity
- BCardiac maturity
- CLung maturity
- DLiver maturity
- ENeurological maturity
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Q196OncologyEasy
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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is elevated in a patient with colon cancer. What is its primary clinical use?
\n
- AConfirming diagnosis
- BMonitoring treatment response and recurrence
- CDetermining metastasis site
- DGenetic risk prediction
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Q197PaediatricsMedium
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A 9-year-old child develops abdominal pain, arthralgia, and palpable purpura over the buttocks and lower limbs following a sore throat. What is the most likely diagnosis?
\n
- APost streptococcal glomerulonephritis
- BHenoch-Schönlein purpura
- CAcute rheumatic fever
- DImmune thrombocytopenic purpura
- ESeptic arthritis
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Q198AnatomyMedium
\n
A patient undergoes neck surgery and later is unable to elevate the arm above shoulder level due to shoulder drooping. Which nerve is most likely injured?
\n
- AAxillary nerve
- BSuprascapular nerve
- CAccessory spinal nerve
- DRadial nerve
- EMusculocutaneous nerve
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Q199AnatomyHard
\n
A patient develops a pretracheal abscess following a deep neck infection. Into which space is the infection most likely to spread?
\n
- ASuperior mediastinum
- BInferior mediastinum
- CPosterior mediastinum
- DRetropharyngeal space
- ESubmandibular space
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Q200AnatomyHard
\n
A patient presents with severe pain in the ankle and develops ecchymosis on the second day. He can stand on his toes but it is painful. What is the cause?
\n
- ARupture of Achilles tendon
- BRupture of plantaris tendon
- CRupture of tibial tendon
- DMedial Malleolous damage
- ELateral Malleolous damage
\n